Overview of Clusiaceae
Clusiaceae, also known as the Garcinia family, is a diverse plant family in the order Malpighiales. It is a large family consisting of over 180 genera and 2800 species distributed worldwide, mostly in tropical regions. The family includes many economically important plants and has been studied extensively for its medicinal and nutritional properties.
Taxonomy and Classification
The Clusiaceae family was first described by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789. The family was later classified within the order Malpighiales based on molecular and morphological studies. The family has undergone several revisions and taxonomic changes. Currently, the family has five subfamilies: Clusioideae, Garcinioideae, Hypericoideae, Kielmeyeroideae, and Calophylloideae.
Distinctive Characteristics
One of the most distinctive characteristics of the Clusiaceae family is the copious yellow latex that exudes from cuts or injuries to the plant. Most members of the family are trees or shrubs, although some are herbaceous. The leaves are typically leathery, simple, and arranged alternately or opposite. The flowers are usually large, showy, and have a radial symmetry. The fruit types vary within the family and include capsules, drupes, berries, and samaras. Another unique feature of the family is the production of secondary metabolites, including xanthones and biflavonoids, which have been shown to have medicinal properties.
Distribution of Clusiaceae Family
The Clusiaceae family is widespread and can be found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The family includes about 13 genera and 750 species, and it is commonly known as the St. John's wort family or the guttiferae family. The family is distributed throughout much of Africa, Australia, the Americas, and Asia, with most species occurring in tropical America.
Habitat of Clusiaceae Family
Plants from the Clusiaceae family are adapted to diverse habitats ranging from rainforest to arid regions. The family is well-represented in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, especially in areas with high rainfall and humidity. Many species of Clusiaceae grow in disturbed habitats, such as forests, roadsides, and pastures.
The majority of the Clusiaceae family is adapted to tropical forest habitats. Several genera within the family occupy highly specialized niches, such as the genus Clusia, which is known as the "autotrophic trees" or "ant-plants." These plants produce specialized structures that house colonies of ants, which in turn protect the plant from predators and herbivores.
Ecological Preferences and Adaptations of Clusiaceae Family
Plants from the Clusiaceae family exhibit a range of ecological preferences and adaptations, depending on the genus and species. One notable adaptation is the presence of resin ducts in many species, which serve as a defense against herbivores and pathogens.
Some genera within the family, such as Hypericum, are known for their medicinal properties and are used to treat a range of ailments, including depression and anxiety. Several Clusiaceae species are also important for their economic value, such as the genera Garcinia, which produces a fruit used as a flavoring agent, and Clusia, which is used for timber production.
The family also exhibits a range of pollination syndromes, including entomophilous (insect-pollinated) and ornithophilous (bird-pollinated). Many Clusiaceae species produce large, showy flowers that attract pollinators with their bright color and sweet scent.
In aquatic habitats, some plants from the Clusiaceae family exhibit adaptations to wet, marshy conditions. The genus Symphonia, for example, includes species known as "tidal forest trees" that are adapted to grow in mangrove swamps and other wetland areas.
General morphology and structure of plants in Clusiaceae family:
The Clusiaceae family, also known as the Guttiferae family, includes around 77 genera and 1800 species, encompassing trees, shrubs, herbs, and vines. The plants in this family are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions and are commonly found in rainforests. The plants in this family are characterized by their resinous and often-delicious fruits.Anatomical features and adaptations:
The plants in Clusiaceae family share some common anatomical features and adaptations that enable them to survive in their natural habitat. One of the remarkable features of this family is the presence of canals and ducts that distribute resin throughout the plant. The resin functions as a defense mechanism against herbivores, insects, and pathogens. Another adaptation of the Clusiaceae family is the ability of some species to produce flowers that are adapted to and pollinated by specific insects, such as beetles and bees. Such relationships between the plant and the pollinator often lead to co-evolution.Variations in leaf shapes and flower structures:
Despite sharing common anatomical features, plants in the Clusiaceae family vary extensively in leaf shapes, flower structures, and other distinctive characteristics. For instance, some species have simple, leathery leaves with a glossy surface, while others have more complex leaves that are lobed or divided. In terms of flower structures, the plants in this family are generally classified into two groups: those with solitary flowers and those with inflorescences. The solitary flowers may be either terminal or axillary and can be large and showy or small and inconspicuous. The inflorescences may be cymes, panicles, or racemes, and can carry numerous small flowers. Some species produce flowers that are attractive to a particular pollinator, such as Melicoccus bijugatus, which is pollinated by bats and produces fragrant white flowers that are well-suited to night pollination. In conclusion, the Clusiaceae family encompasses a wide range of plants that share some common physiological adaptations, including resin production and insect pollination. However, the family also exhibits significant diversity in leaf shapes, flower structures, and other distinctive characteristics, making it a fascinating group of plants to study.Reproductive Strategies in the Clusiaceae Family
Plants in the Clusiaceae family employ a variety of reproductive strategies to ensure successful reproduction. These include both sexual and asexual reproduction methods.
Mechanisms of Reproduction
Sexual reproduction in the Clusiaceae family is facilitated by the production of flowers, which contain the reproductive structures needed for fertilization. A key feature of some members of the family is the presence of fleshy fruit, which is a crucial method of seed dispersal.
Asexual reproduction is also common in Clusiaceae, and some plants in the family are even known to produce vegetative shoots that can grow into new individuals. Additionally, many Clusiaceae plants can reproduce via apomixis, which is a type of asexual reproduction where the embryo develops from the cell of the maternal plant without fertilization.
Flowering Patterns and Pollination Strategies
When it comes to flowering patterns, Clusiaceae plants can be divided into two main groups: those that produce solitary flowers and those that produce inflorescences (clusters of flowers). One common pollination strategy employed by plants in the family is insect pollination, where flowers are often brightly colored and emit an attractive scent to entice pollinating insects.
Sometimes, Clusiaceae plants use more specialized pollination methods, such as sapromyophily, which is when flowers carry a rotten smell that attracts pollinators such as flies. Another example is pseudocopulation, where some Calophyllum species have flowers that mimic the appearance and scent of female insects, tricking male insects into attempting to mate with the flower and thereby inadvertently pollinating the plant.
Seed Dispersal Methods and Adaptations
Seed dispersal in Clusiaceae plants is of utmost importance for ensuring survival and reproduction, since it is the means by which plants are able to spread their offspring. For example, many Clusiaceae plants produce fleshy fruits that are often eaten by birds, who then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Others use wind dispersal, and some such as Hypericum species, have specialized adaptations in their fruit capsules to shoot seeds away from the parent plant.
In conclusion, plants in the Clusiaceae family employ a wide variety of reproductive and survival strategies, such as fleshy fruit, insect pollination, and specialized seed dispersal mechanisms, which enable them to successfully reproduce and thrive in their varied habitats.
Economic Importance of Clusiaceae Family
The Clusiaceae family is important economically due to its medicinal, culinary and industrial uses. Some species of this family are used to create various drugs and medicines, providing treatment for various ailments. For example, two species of Clusiaceae - Garcinia kola and Garcinia mangostana - are known for their medicinal properties and are used in the treatment of conditions such as fever, inflammation, wounds, and diarrhea.
Furthermore, the Clusiaceae family is significant in traditional medicine in Latin America and Africa. In these regions, many of the species have been used for centuries to treat a wide range of conditions, including parasites, infections, and fever.
Another important use of Clusiaceae plants is in the culinary industry. Many species of this family produce edible fruits with exotic flavors that are used in various dishes. Garcinia mangostana, for instance, produces a fruit that is often used in Southeast Asian cuisine. The fruit is sweet, tangy, and highly prized for its unique flavor profile.
Lastly, Clusiaceae species have industrial uses as well. Some species such as Clusia rosea and St. John's Wort are used for the extraction of oil, which is used in medical, cosmetic, and industrial applications. The oil extracted from these plants is also used in the manufacture of various products including soap, paint, and perfumes.
Ecological Importance of Clusiaceae Family
The Clusiaceae family plays an important role in the ecosystems in which they reside. In many tropical and subtropical forests, the family's species often act as pioneer plants that help to establish a plant community. They are often one of the first species to colonize a disturbed area, such as a clearing or a recently logged forest.
Clusiaceae plants are also known to have important symbiotic interactions with pollinators and seed dispersers. For example, many species of Clusiaceae have coevolved with bees that specialize in pollinating their flowers. Similarly, some species have adapted their fruit to be eaten and dispersed by specific animal species, such as birds and primates.
Conservation Status and Conservation Efforts
Despite the ecological and economic significance of the Clusiaceae family, many species within the family are threatened with extinction due to habitat loss, overexploitation, and overutilization of the species for medicinal and commercial properties.
To address these issues, efforts have been made to conserve the species within the Clusiaceae family. Many organizations have started to work on conserving threatened species within the family by monitoring their populations, educating the public, and establishing protected areas. Furthermore, sustainable harvesting practices and cultivation of the species are also being promoted as ways of protecting the species and their habitat.
Featured plants from the Clusiaceae family
More plants from the Clusiaceae family
- Allanblackia floribunda auct.
- Allanblackia floribunda Oliv.
- Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. var. gabonensis Pellegr.
- Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. var. kisonghi (Vermoesen) Pieraerts
- Allanblackia gabonensis (Pellegr.) Bamps
- Allanblackia kimbiliensis Spirlet
- Allanblackia kisonghi Vermoesen
- Allanblackia klainei Pierre ex A.Chev.
- Allanblackia marienii Staner
- Allanblackia monticola auct.
- Allanblackia monticola Mildbr. ex Engl.
- Allanblackia parviflora A.Chev.
- Allanblackia sacleuxii Hua
- Allanblackia stanerana Exell & Mendonça
- Allanblackia stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl.
- Allanblackia ulugurensis Engl.
- Aristoclesia esculenta (Arruda) Stuntz - >>platonia Esculenta
- Ascyrum crux-andreae L. - >>hypericum Crux-andreae
- Ascyrum cuneifolium Chapman - >>hypericum Crux-andreae
- Ascyrum edisonianum Small - >>hypericum Edisonianum
- Ascyrum hypericoides L. - >>hypericum Hypericoides Ssp. Hypericoides
- Ascyrum hypericoides L. var. multicaule (Michx. ex Willd.) Fern. - >>hypericum Hypericoides Ssp. Multicaule
- Ascyrum hypericoides L. var. oblongifolium (Spach) Fern. - >>hypericum Hypericoides Ssp. Hypericoides
- Ascyrum linifolium Spach - >>hypericum Hypericoides Ssp. Hypericoides
- Ascyrum pumilum Michx. - >>hypericum Suffruticosum
- Ascyrum stans Michx. ex Willd. - >>hypericum Crux-andreae
- Ascyrum tetrapetalum (Lam.) Vail - >>hypericum Tetrapetalum
- Calophyllum antillanum Britt. - Antilles Calophyllum
- Calophyllum brasiliense auct. non Camb. - >>calophyllum Antillanum
- Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. var. antillanum (Britt.) Standl. - >>calophyllum Antillanum
- Calophyllum calaba Jacq., non L. - >>calophyllum Antillanum
- Calophyllum cholobtaches Laut. - Calophyllum
- Calophyllum inophyllum L. - Alexandrian Laurel
- Calophyllum L. - Calophyllum
- Clusia clusioides (Griseb.) D'Arcy - Cupeillo
- Clusia grisebachiana (Planch. & Triana) Alain - >>clusia Clusioides
- Clusia gundlachii Stahl - Grundlach's Attorney
- Clusia krugiana Urban - >>clusia Clusioides
- Clusia minor L. - Cupey De Monte
- Clusia rosea Jacq. - Scotch Attorney
- Crookea microsepala (Torr. & Gray) Small - >>hypericum Microsepalum
- Elodea fraseri Spach - >>triadenum Fraseri
- Garcinia acuminata A.Chev.
- Garcinia acutifolia N.Robson
- Garcinia afzelii auct.
- Garcinia afzelii Engl.
- Garcinia akawensis Spirlet
- Garcinia albersii Engl.
- Garcinia albo-rosea Pierre
- Garcinia angolensis Vesque
- Garcinia antidysenterica A.Chev.
- Garcinia arbuscula Engl.
- Garcinia autraniana Pierre
- Garcinia baikeana Vesque
- Garcinia baikeana Vesque var. togoensis Engl.
- Garcinia balala De Wild.
- Garcinia bengweolensis R.E.Fr.
- Garcinia beniensis Engl.
- Garcinia bequaertii De Wild.
- Garcinia bergheana Spirlet
- Garcinia bifasciculata N.Robson
- Garcinia brevipedicellata (Baker f.) Hutch. & Dalziel
- Garcinia brieyi De Wild.
- Garcinia buchananii Baker
- Garcinia buchneri Engl.
- Garcinia bullata Staner
- Garcinia buxifolia Chiov.
- Garcinia cereoflava Engl.
- Garcinia chevalieri Engl. ex R.E.Fr.
- Garcinia chevalieriana Hochr.
- Garcinia chromocarpa Engl.
- Garcinia claessensii De Wild.
- Garcinia conrauana Engl.
- Garcinia curvinervis Vesque
- Garcinia danckelmanniana Engl.
- Garcinia dandi De Wild.
- Garcinia densivenia Engl.
- Garcinia dinklagei Engl.
- Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz - Gourka
- Garcinia echirensis Pellegr.
- Garcinia edeensis Engl.
- Garcinia edulis Exell
- Garcinia elliotii Engl.
- Garcinia epunctata auct.
- Garcinia epunctata Stapf
- Garcinia ferrandii Chiov.
- Garcinia ferrea Pierre
- Garcinia gerrardii Harv. ex Sim
- Garcinia giadidi De Wild.
- Garcinia gilletii De Wild.
- Garcinia gnetoides Hutch. & Dalziel
- Garcinia golaensis Hutch. & Dalziel
- Garcinia gossweileri Engl.
- Garcinia granulata Hutch. & Dalziel
- Garcinia hanburyi Hook. f. - Hanbury's Garcinia
- Garcinia hanburyi Hook.f.
- Garcinia henriquesii Engl.
- Garcinia hessii (Britt.) Alain - Lemon Saptree
- Garcinia huillensis auct.
- Garcinia huillensis Welw. ex Oliv.
- Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy - Garcinia
- Garcinia indica DC.
- Garcinia kerstingii Engl.
- Garcinia kingaensis Engl.
- Garcinia kola Heckel - Garcinia
- Garcinia kola Heckel
- Garcinia kuluensis Spirlet
- Garcinia L. - Saptree
- Garcinia lateriflora Blume - Garcinia
- Garcinia laurifolia Hutch. & Dalziel
- Garcinia letestui Pellegr.
- Garcinia livingstonei auct.
- Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson - Livingstone's Garcinia
- Garcinia livingstonei T.Anderson
- Garcinia livingstonei T.Anderson var. pallidinervia Engl.
- Garcinia longeacuminata Engl.
- Garcinia lualabensis Engl.
- Garcinia lucida Vesque
- Garcinia lujae De Wild.
- Garcinia mangostana L.
- Garcinia mannii Oliv.
- Garcinia mannii Oliv. var. brevipedicellata Baker f.
- Garcinia mbulwe Engl.
- Garcinia michelsonii Spirlet
- Garcinia mimfiensis Engl.
- Garcinia mlanjiensis Dunkley
- Garcinia multiflora Champ. ex Benth. - Garcinia
- Garcinia myrtifolia A.C. Smith - Garcinia
- Garcinia ndongensis Engl.
- Garcinia neolivingstonei Spirlet
- Garcinia ngouniensis Pellegr.
- Garcinia nitidula Engl.
- Garcinia nobilis Engl.
- Garcinia nyangensis Pellegr.
- Garcinia obanensis Baker f.
- Garcinia obscura Spirlet
- Garcinia ovalifolia Oliv.
- Garcinia pachyclada N.Robson
- Garcinia pallidinervia Engl.
- Garcinia parva Spirlet
- Garcinia pendula Engl.
- Garcinia pierreana De Wild.
- Garcinia polyantha Oliv.
- Garcinia portoricensis (Urban) Alain - Palo De Cruz
- Garcinia preussii Engl.
- Garcinia punctata Oliv.
- Garcinia pynaertii De Wild.
- Garcinia quadrangula Engl.
- Garcinia quadrifaria auct.
- Garcinia quadrifaria Baill.
- Garcinia robsoniana Bamps
- Garcinia rubriflora Engl.
- Garcinia sapinii De Wild.
- Garcinia sciura Spirlet
- Garcinia semseii Verdc.
- Garcinia seretii De Wild.
- Garcinia seretii De Wild. var. intermedia De Wild.
- Garcinia smeathmannii (Planch. & Triana) Oliv.
- Garcinia smeathmannii (Planch. & Triana) Oliv. var. exigua Spirlet
- Garcinia smeathmannii (Planch. & Triana) Oliv. var. orientalis Spirlet
- Garcinia sordido-lutea De Wild.
- Garcinia staudtii Engl.
- Garcinia stolzii Engl.
- Garcinia tenuipes Engl.
- Garcinia tibatensis Engl.
- Garcinia tinctoria (DC.) W. F. Wight - >>garcinia Xanthochymus
- Garcinia transvaalensis Burtt Davy
- Garcinia tschapensis Engl.
- Garcinia ubangensis Engl.
- Garcinia usambarensis Engl.
- Garcinia viridiflava Engl.
- Garcinia volkensii Engl.
- Garcinia wentzeliana Engl.
- Garcinia xanthochymus Hook. f. ex T. Anderson - Garcinia
- Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.f.
- Garcinia zenkeri Engl.
- Haronga madagascariensis (Lam. ex Poir.) Choisy
- Hypericum acutifolium Ell. - Sharpleaf St. Johnswort
- Hypericum adpressum Raf. ex W. Bart. - Creeping St. Johnswort
- Hypericum ambiguum Ell. - >>hypericum Galioides
- Hypericum anagalloides Cham. & Schlecht. - Tinker's Penny
- Hypericum androsaemum L.
- Hypericum apocynifolium Small - >>hypericum Nudiflorum
- Hypericum aspalathoides Willd. p.p. - >>hypericum Brachyphyllum
- Hypericum aspalathoides Willd. p.p. - >>hypericum Reductum
- Hypericum aureum Bartr. - >>hypericum Frondosum
- Hypericum bissellii B.L. Robins. - >>hypericum Dolabriforme
- Hypericum boreale (Britt.) Bickn. - Northern St. Johnswort
- Hypericum brachyphyllum (Spach) Steud. - Coastalplain St. Johnswort
- Hypericum calycinum L. - Aaron's Beard
- Hypericum canadense L. - Lesser Canadian St. Johnswort
- Hypericum canadense L. var. galiiforme Fern. - >>hypericum Canadense
- Hypericum canadense L. var. magninsulare Weatherby - >>hypericum Canadense
- Hypericum canadense L. var. majus Gray - >>hypericum Majus
- Hypericum canariense L. - Canary Island St. Johnswort
- Hypericum chapmanii P. Adams - Apalachicola St. Johnswort
- Hypericum cistifolium Lam. - Roundpod St. Johnswort
- Hypericum concinnum Benth. - Goldwire
- Hypericum crux-andreae (L.) Crantz - St. Peterswort
- Hypericum cumulicola (Small) P. Adams - Highlands Scrub St. Johnswort
- Hypericum degeneri Fosberg - >>hypericum Parvulum
- Hypericum densiflorum Pursh - Bushy St. Johnswort
- Hypericum densiflorum Pursh var. lobocarpum (Gattinger) Svens. - >>hypericum Lobocarpum
- Hypericum denticulatum Walt. - Coppery St. Johnswort
- Hypericum denticulatum Walt. var. acutifolium (Ell.) Blake - >>hypericum Acutifolium
- Hypericum denticulatum Walt. var. ovalifolium (Britt.) Blake - >>hypericum Denticulatum
- Hypericum denticulatum Walt. var. recognitum Fern. & Schub. - >>hypericum Acutifolium
- Hypericum diosmoides Griseb. - Puerto Rico St. Johnswort
- Hypericum dissimulatum Bickn. - Disguised St. Johnswort
- Hypericum dolabriforme Vent. - Straggling St. Johnswort
- Hypericum drummondii (Grev. & Hook.) Torr. & Gray - Nits And Lice
- Hypericum edisonianum (Small) P. Adams & Robson - Arcadian St. Johnswort
- Hypericum ellipticum Hook. - Pale St. Johnswort
- Hypericum exile P. Adams - Florida Sands St. Johnswort
- Hypericum fasciculatum Lam. - Peelbark St. Johnswort
- Hypericum formosum Kunth ssp. scouleri (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc. - >>hypericum Scouleri Ssp. Scouleri
- Hypericum formosum Kunth var. nortoniae (M.E. Jones) C.L. Hitchc. - >>hypericum Scouleri Ssp. Nortoniae
- Hypericum formosum Kunth var. scouleri (Hook.) Coult. - >>hypericum Scouleri Ssp. Scouleri
- Hypericum frondosum Michx. - Cedarglade St. Johnswort
- Hypericum galioides Lam. - Bedstraw St. Johnswort
- Hypericum galioides Lam. var. pallidum C. Mohr - >>hypericum Galioides
- Hypericum gentianoides (L.) B.S.P. - Orangegrass
- Hypericum glomeratum Small - >>hypericum Densiflorum
- Hypericum gramineum G. Forst. - Grassy St. Johnswort
- Hypericum graveolens Buckl. - Mountain St. Johnswort
- Hypericum gymnanthum Engelm. & Gray - Claspingleaf St. Johnswort
- Hypericum harperi R. Keller - Sharplobe St. Johnswort
- Hypericum humifusum L. - Trailing St. Johnswort
- Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz - St. Andrew's Cross
- Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz ssp. hypericoides - St. Andrew's Cross
- Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz ssp. multicaule (Michx. ex Willd.) Robson - St. Andrew's Cross
- Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz var. multicaule (Michx. ex Willd.) Fosberg - >>hypericum Hypericoides Ssp. Multicaule
- Hypericum lloydii (Svens.) P. Adams - Sandhill St. Johnswort
- Hypericum lobocarpum Gattinger - Fivelobe St. Johnswort
- Hypericum majus (Gray) Britt. - Large St. Johnswort
- Hypericum microsepalum (Torr. & Gray) Gray ex S. Wats. - Flatwoods St. Johnswort
- Hypericum mitchellianum Rydb. - Blue Ridge St. Johnswort
- Hypericum mutilum L. - Dwarf St. Johnswort
- Hypericum mutilum L. ssp. boreale (Britt.) J. Gillett - >>hypericum Boreale
- Hypericum mutilum L. var. latisepalum Fern. - >>hypericum Mutilum
- Hypericum mutilum L. var. parviflorum (Willd.) Fern. - >>hypericum Mutilum
- Hypericum myrtifolium Lam. - Myrtleleaf St. Johnswort
- Hypericum nitidum Lam. - Carolina St. Johnswort
- Hypericum nortoniae M.E. Jones - >>hypericum Scouleri Ssp. Nortoniae
- Hypericum nudiflorum Michx. ex Willd. - Early St. Johnswort
- Hypericum oklahomense Palmer - >>hypericum Lobocarpum
- Hypericum opacum Torr. & Gray - >>hypericum Cistifolium
- Hypericum parvulum Greene - Sierra Madre St. Johnswort
- Hypericum pauciflorum Kunth - Fewflower St. Johnswort
- Hypericum petiolatum Walt., non L. - >>triadenum Walteri
- Hypericum pseudomaculatum Bush - False Spotted St. Johnswort
- Hypericum punctatum Lam. - Spotted St. Johnswort
- Hypericum punctatum Lam. var. pseudomaculatum (Bush) Fern. - >>hypericum Pseudomaculatum
- Hypericum pyramidatum Ait. - >>hypericum Ascyron
- Hypericum reductum (Svens.) P. Adams - Atlantic St. Johnswort
- Hypericum scouleri Hook. - Scouler's St. Johnswort
- Hypericum scouleri Hook. ssp. nortoniae (M.E. Jones) J. Gillett - Norton's St. Johnswort
- Hypericum scouleri Hook. ssp. scouleri - Scouler's St. Johnswort
- Hypericum setosum L. - Hairy St. Johnswort
- Hypericum spathulatum (Spach) Steud. - >>hypericum Prolificum
- Hypericum sphaerocarpum Michx. - Roundseed St. Johnswort
- Hypericum sphaerocarpum Michx. var. turgidum (Small) Svens. - >>hypericum Sphaerocarpum
- Hypericum splendens Small - >>hypericum Frondosum
- Hypericum stans (Michx. ex Willd.) P. Adams & Robson - >>hypericum Crux-andreae
- Hypericum stragulum P. Adams & Robson - >>hypericum Hypericoides Ssp. Multicaule
- Hypericum subpetiolatum Bickn. ex Small - >>hypericum Punctatum
- Hypericum suffruticosum P. Adams & Robson - Pineland St. Johnswort
- Hypericum tetrapetalum Lam. - Fourpetal St. Johnswort
- Hypericum tubulosum Walt. - >>triadenum Tubulosum
- Hypericum tubulosum Walt. var. walteri (J.G. Gmel.) Lott - >>triadenum Walteri
- Hypericum turgidum Small - >>hypericum Sphaerocarpum
- Hypericum virgatum Lam. - >>hypericum Denticulatum
- Hypericum virginicum L. - >>triadenum Virginicum
- Hypericum virginicum L. var. fraseri (Spach) Fern. - >>triadenum Fraseri
- Hypericum walteri J.G. Gmel. - >>triadenum Walteri
- Hypericum ×moserianum Luquet ex André
- Lebrunia bushaie Staner
- Lolanara odorata Raf.
- Mammea africana auct.
- Mammea africana Sabine - African Mammyapple
- Mammea africana Sabine
- Mammea americana L. - Mammee Apple
- Mammea americana L.
- Mammea asiatica L.
- Mammea ebboro Pierre
- Mammea gilletii De Wild.
- Mammea giorgiana De Wild.
- Mammea L. - Mammea
- Mammea odorata (Raf.) Kosterm.
- Mammea usambarensis Verdc.
- Pentadesma butyracea auct.
- Pentadesma butyracea Sabine - Butter Tree
- Pentadesma butyracea Sabine
- Pentadesma devredii Spirlet
- Pentadesma excelliana Staner
- Pentadesma gabonensis Pierre ex A.Chev.
- Pentadesma grandifolia auct.
- Pentadesma grandifolia Baker f.
- Pentadesma lebrunii Staner
- Pentadesma leptonema Pierre
- Pentadesma leucantha A.Chev.
- Pentadesma maritima Pierre
- Pentadesma nigritana Baker f.
- Pentadesma parviflora Exell
- Pentadesma reyndersii Spirlet
- Pentadesma rutshuruensis Spirlet
- Pentadesma Sabine - Pentadesma
- Platonia C. Martius - Platonia
- Platonia esculenta (Arruda) Rickett & Stafleu - Bacury
- Platonia insignis C. Martius - >>platonia Esculenta
- Rheedia acuminata (Spreng.) Triana & Planch. - >>garcinia Portoricensis
- Rheedia hessii Britt. - >>garcinia Hessii
- Rheedia madruno (Kunth) Planchon & Triana - >>garcinia Portoricensis
- Rheedia portoricensis Urban - >>garcinia Portoricensis
- Rheedia smeathmannii Planch. & Triana
- Sanidophyllum cumulicola Small - >>hypericum Cumulicola
- Sarothra drummondii Grev. & Hook. - >>hypericum Drummondii
- Sarothra gentianoides L. - >>hypericum Gentianoides
- Stearodendron stuhlmannii Engl.
- Symphonia gabonensis (Vesque) Pierre
- Symphonia globulifera L.f.
- Symphonia globulifera L.f. var. gabonensis Vesque
- Triadenum fraseri (Spach) Gleason - Fraser's Marsh St. Johnswort
- Triadenum longifolium Small - >>triadenum Tubulosum
- Triadenum petiolatum (Walt.) Britt. - >>triadenum Walteri
- Triadenum Raf. - Marsh St. Johnswort
- Triadenum tubulosum (Walt.) Gleason - Lesser Marsh St. Johnswort
- Triadenum tubulosum (Walt.) Gleason var. walteri (J.G. Gmel.) Cooperrider - >>triadenum Walteri
- Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf. - Virginia Marsh St. Johnswort
- Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf. ssp. fraseri (Spach) J. Gillett - >>triadenum Fraseri
- Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf. var. fraseri (Spach) Cooperrider - >>triadenum Fraseri
- Triadenum walteri (J.G. Gmel.) Gleason - Greater Marsh St. Johnswort