Overview
Psora anthracophila is a lichenized fungus that belongs to the family Psoraceae. It is commonly known as coal-burning firedot lichen, and it is widely distributed in Europe, Asia, and North America. This species is known for its unique adaptation to grow on substrates with high levels of heavy metals, including coal, hence the name coal-burning firedot lichen.
Appearance
The thallus of Psora anthracophila is thin, flat, and crustose, usually measuring 0.1 to 0.5 cm in diameter. Its color ranges from gray to brownish-black, and it can change to yellow or olive when exposed to air pollution. The lichen's apothecia are scattered and often sunken into the thallus surface, with diameters of up to 0.8 mm, and they are black to brown in color. Overall, the appearance of Psora anthracophila is quite distinct and can be easily distinguished from other lichen species.
Uses
Psora anthracophila and other lichens are known to contribute to air quality by absorbing pollutants, converting carbon dioxide into oxygen, and reducing soil erosion and desertification. They can also serve as bioindicators of air quality, as they accumulate pollutants such as heavy metals and sulfur dioxide. Historically, lichens have been used for dyes, perfumes, and medicines. For example, the native people of North America used lichens as antibiotic agents, topical ointments, and antiseptics for thousands of years.
Conclusion
Psora anthracophila is a remarkable lichen species that is capable of growing on substrates with high levels of heavy metals, including coal. This unique ability, combined with its contribution to air quality and its historical uses, make it an important species for scientific research, conservation, and environmental monitoring.
Light requirements
Psora anthracophila (Nyl.) Arnold prefers moderate levels of sunlight or partially shaded conditions for growth. This lichen species is adapted to grow in environments with low light intensity, making it ideal for growing under trees or in shady areas.
Temperature requirements
Psora anthracophila (Nyl.) Arnold is commonly found in cool temperate regions and can tolerate a range of temperatures. Ideal temperature range for growth of this lichen species is between 10-20°C (50-68°F). It can withstand occasional frost but prefers to grow in areas without prolonged freezing temperatures.
Soil requirements
Psora anthracophila (Nyl.) Arnold is not strictly soil-dependent but can be found growing on various substrates like rocks, trees and soil. It prefers substrates that are slightly acidic to neutral with low amounts of nutrients and can grow in soils that are rocky and disturbed. The pH range that supports its optimum growth lies between 5.5 to 7.5. It can grow on slightly alkaline substrates but does not tolerate strongly alkaline conditions, making it more prevalent in areas where soils have acidic to neutral pH values.
Cultivation
Psora anthracophila is a species of lichen that can be grown indoors or outdoors. It is commonly found growing on rocks, soil, and bark. To cultivate Psora anthracophila, start by finding a suitable location.
If growing indoors, choose a location with bright, indirect light. If growing outdoors, select a spot that receives partial shade. Prepare the growing medium by mixing equal parts of peat moss, perlite, and coarse sand. Spread the mixture evenly over the planting area.
Using a wire brush, gently remove the lichen from its original location and place it onto the prepared growing medium. Press it firmly into the mixture to ensure good contact between the lichen and the soil.
Watering Needs
Psora anthracophila is a drought-tolerant lichen. However, it still requires regular watering to stay healthy. Water the lichen once a week during the growing season, using a gentle spray of water to moisten the soil. Be careful not to overwater the lichen, as too much moisture can cause it to rot.
During the dormant season, reduce watering to once or twice a month. Watch for signs of drought stress, such as curled or yellowed thalli, and increase watering if necessary.
Fertilization
Psora anthracophila does not require regular fertilization. However, adding a small amount of slow-release or organic fertilizer to the soil can help promote healthy growth. Apply no more than a teaspoon of fertilizer per square foot of planting area, and work it into the top 1-2 inches of soil.
Do not fertilize during the dormant season, as the lichen is not actively growing and cannot absorb nutrients.
Pruning
Psora anthracophila does not require pruning, as it is a slow-growing lichen. However, removing any debris or dead tissue from around the lichen can help improve air circulation and reduce the risk of fungal infection.
If the lichen has grown too large for its container or location, it can be gently divided and replanted. Use a sharp, sterile knife to carefully separate the thalli without damaging the root system. Repot each section in fresh soil and water well. Allow the lichen to rest for a few days before resuming regular care.
Propagation of Psora anthracophila
Psora anthracophila is a lichen species that grows on charcoal in burnt areas. It can also thrive in other habitats where there is an abundance of charcoal. Propagating this plant can help increase its population and diversify its distribution. This species can be propagated through different methods, including:
Vegetative propagation
Vegetative propagation involves taking a piece of the parent plant and using it to grow a new plant. In Psora anthracophila, vegetative propagation is accomplished through fragmentation. The thallus is divided into smaller pieces that are then attached to substrates. The new plant will grow and develop from the attached fragments.
Soredia propagation
Psora anthracophila also propagates through soredia, which are small packets of algae and fungal hyphae that break off from the parent plant and develop into new plants. These packets can be dispersed by wind, insects, and other animals. The soredia can attach themselves to suitable substrates and develop into new plants.
Spore propagation
Spore propagation in Psora anthracophila happens when the plant produces spores which develop into a new plant. The spores are dispersed by wind and can land on substrates suitable for growth. The spores develop into a new thallus, which then grows and matures into a new plant.
Disease Management
Psora anthracophila is relatively resistant to diseases. However, some fungal pathogens may infect the plant, causing minor or major damage. The most common diseases that might affect the plant include:
- Anthracnose
- Leaf spot
- Root rot
To manage these diseases, it is advisable to practice crop rotation, weed control, and maintain proper soil drainage and aeration. Fungicides may also be used, but in severe cases, it is better to remove and destroy the affected plants.
Pest Management
Psora anthracophila is also relatively resistant to pests. However, some insects and mites may feed on the plant, causing direct damage or transmitting viral diseases. The most common pests that might affect the plant include:
- Aphids
- Spider mites
- Whiteflies
To manage these pests, it is advisable to use integrated pest management strategies that involve both chemical and non-chemical methods. These include:
- Regular monitoring and inspection of the plants
- Use of insecticidal soaps and oils
- Biological control methods such as the use of beneficial insects and nematodes
It is also advisable to avoid over-fertilizing and over-irrigating the plants, as these can attract pests and create favorable conditions for their growth and reproduction.
