Overview of Caprifoliaceae Plant Family
The Caprifoliaceae plant family is a diverse group of flowering plants that belong to the order Dipsacales. This family contains about 860 species and over 42 genera, including some well-known ornamental plants such as honeysuckle and viburnum. Caprifoliaceae is distributed nearly globally, with most species found in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
Taxonomy and Classification of Caprifoliaceae
The family Caprifoliaceae was first described by French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in 1700. The name Caprifoliaceae is derived from the Latin words "capra" (meaning goat) and "folium" (meaning leaf), which refers to the shape of some of the leaves in this family. Currently, Caprifoliaceae is classified in the order Dipsacales, which is a small order of flowering plants that also includes families such as Adoxaceae and Valerianaceae.
Unique Characteristics of Caprifoliaceae
One of the most distinct features of Caprifoliaceae is the morphology of its flowers. The flowers in this family are generally actinomorphic, bisexual, and arranged in a cyme. They are often fragrant and are known for their nectar-producing glands, which attract a variety of insects for pollination.
In addition, many species in the Caprifoliaceae family have opposite leaves, which means that the leaves are attached in pairs at the nodes of the stem. Some of the leaves have unique shapes, such as lobed or palmate, and a few species have modified leaves that form tendrils for support.
Another notable characteristic of this family is that its members have a range of uses. Some species, such as honeysuckle and elderberry, are used in traditional medicine for their medicinal properties. Others, like the viburnum, are commonly used in landscaping and as ornamental plants.
Distribution of Caprifoliaceae Family
The Caprifoliaceae family is distributed worldwide, but it is primarily found in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The family is comprised of more than 500 species, which are found primarily in Asia, Europe, and North America. These species can be found in diverse habitats such as woodlands, forests, and grasslands.
Habitats of Caprifoliaceae Family
Plants from the Caprifoliaceae family can be found in a wide range of natural habitats, including grasslands, woodlands, and forests. They are commonly found in regions with moist soils and a temperate climate. The family includes both deciduous and evergreen species, and some members of the family are adapted to colder, more extreme environments. Certain species can also be found in coastal areas and wetlands.
Ecological Preferences and Adaptations of Caprifoliaceae Family
The Caprifoliaceae family includes many species adapted to cold environments, such as the Lonicera species, which are commonly found in northern latitudes. These plants often have specialized adaptations such as a compact growth form or hairy leaves which help them to survive in harsh conditions. Many species from the family are also able to tolerate a wide range of soil types and pH levels, making them relatively adaptable to different ecological conditions. The family also includes some species that are important components of natural ecosystems, such as the Linnaea borealis, which is a key food source for some mammals and birds.
General Morphology and Structure of Caprifoliaceae Plants
The Caprifoliaceae family consists of woody shrubs and climbers that are mainly deciduous. The plants in this family are characterized by opposite leaves, which means that two leaves sprout from a single node on the stem. The leaves are simple, with entire margins or sometimes serrated. The flowers are typically tubular and have five petals, forming a corolla. The fruits are usually berries or drupes containing seeds.
Caprifoliaceae plants have a unique morphology and structure that allows them to thrive in various ecological niches. Some species have adapted to live in arid environments, while others can withstand cold temperatures and harsh growing conditions.
Anatomical Features and Adaptations
The stems of Caprifoliaceae plants are often hollow or have a spongy pith, which helps with water and nutrient transport. The leaves are usually covered with fine hairs or glands that secrete substances, which help protect the plant from herbivores and pathogens.
Another notable adaptation of Caprifoliaceae plants is their ability to propagate vegetatively. Many species can produce new plants through rhizomes or runners, which allows them to quickly colonize new areas and fill in gaps in existing plant populations.
Leaf Shapes and Flower Structures
Caprifoliaceae plants exhibit a wide range of leaf shapes and flower structures. For example, the leaves of honeysuckle (Lonicera) species are typically oval with pointed tips, while the leaves of snowberry bushes (Symphoricarpos) are typically rounded and thick.
The flowers of Caprifoliaceae plants can also vary widely in size, shape, and color. The flowers of Weigela species are typically funnel-shaped and range in color from pink to red, while the flowers of Viburnum species are typically flat-topped and white or pink.
Overall, the adaptability and diversity of Caprifoliaceae plants make them an interesting and important group of woody shrubs and climbers in the plant kingdom.
Reproductive Strategies in Caprifoliaceae Family
The plants in the Caprifoliaceae family employ a variety of reproductive strategies to ensure the survival and spread of their species. The family includes around 900 different species of trees, shrubs, and climbers, found in temperate and tropical regions around the world. Some common reproductive strategies employed by plants in this family include asexual reproduction, self-pollination, and cross-pollination.
Mechanisms of Reproduction
Caprifoliaceae plants commonly reproduce sexually through the development of flowers. The flowers can either be hermaphroditic (containing both male and female reproductive structures) or unisexual (containing only male or female reproductive structures). The family also employs asexual reproduction through vegetative propagation, where new individuals are produced from the vegetative parts of an existing plant. Some species can also reproduce through layering, where a stem that touches the ground can form roots and produce a new plant.
Flowering and Pollination Patterns
Caprifoliaceae flowers typically have a tubular shape, with five lobes at the end, and open up to reveal the reproductive structures. The flowering patterns in the family are quite variable, with some species flowering in the spring, while others flower in the autumn. The blooming period can last anywhere between a couple of weeks to a couple of months, depending on the species.
Pollination in the Caprifoliaceae family can be through self-pollination, where the pollen from one flower is deposited onto the stigma of the same flower, or cross-pollination, where pollen from one flower is transferred to the stigma of a different flower. The flowers are adapted for pollination by a variety of pollinators, including bees, butterflies, moths, and hummingbirds. Some species in the family have developed specialized adaptations to attract certain pollinators, such as bright colors and strong fragrances.
Seed Dispersal Methods and Adaptations
After successful pollination, Caprifoliaceae produce fruits that contain seeds. The fruits of plants in this family can range from round berries to capsules that split open when matured, each possessing unique adaptations and structure to aid in seed dispersal. Some species have fleshy fruits that are eaten by birds and mammals, and the seeds are dispersed through their excreta. Some species develop seeds that have a sticky coating that enables them to attach to the fur or feathers of animals and be carried away from the parent plant. Seeds are often dispersed by wind or water, some are even adapted to float over water bodies and rivers.
Overall, the Caprifoliaceae family is diverse in its reproductive strategies, mechanisms, and adaptations. They employ various mechanisms to ensure the continuation of their species, work closely with the environment to ensure their survival, and use various adaptations to maximize their chances of reproduction and spread.
Economic Importance of the Caprifoliaceae Family
The Caprifoliaceae family is known for its economic value as it comprises several plants that are treasured for their medicinal, culinary, and industrial uses.
Some species like Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle), are popularly used in traditional medicine to cure a variety of ailments such as rheumatoid arthritis, pneumonia, and other respiratory infections. Other species like Viburnum opulus (European cranberrybush) are used in the production of herbal teas and natural remedies for menstrual pains, fever, and arthritis.
The Caprifoliaceae family also holds significant value in the culinary world. For instance, in Italy, the berries of Lonicera caerulea (blue honeysuckle) are used to make jams and juices, while the berries of Viburnum edule (American highbush cranberry) are used to make sauces for meat and fish.
Moreover, some species of the Caprifoliaceae family are used in various industries. For instance, Viburnum lantana (wayfaringtree viburnum) is used to produce dye for textiles, while the bark of some species such as Lonicera alpigena (Alpine honeysuckle) is used to produce paper.
Ecological Importance of the Caprifoliaceae Family
The Caprifoliaceae family plays a crucial ecological role in various ecosystems. Many of the species in this family provide nectar and pollen for pollinators such as bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds. For example, Lonicera sempervirens (coral honeysuckle) is known to attract hummingbirds.
Moreover, some species of the Caprifoliaceae family are used as host plants for various insects. For example, Lonicera tatarica (Tatarian honeysuckle) serves as a host plant for the snowberry clearwing moth (Hemaris diffinis).
Conservation Status of Caprifoliaceae Species
Some species of the Caprifoliaceae family are listed as endangered or vulnerable due to habitat loss, over-exploitation, and climate change. For instance, Lonicera webberi (Webber's honeysuckle), a species that occurs in only a few sites in the USA, is listed as endangered. Similarly, Viburnum beyrichii (Beyrich's viburnum) is listed as vulnerable due to habitat degradation and loss.
However, several conservation initiatives have been put in place to protect and conserve species of the Caprifoliaceae family. These initiatives include habitat restoration, seed banks, and creating protected areas.
Featured plants from the Caprifoliaceae family
More plants from the Caprifoliaceae family
- Abelia triflora
- Diervilla diervilla (L.) MacM. - >>diervilla Lonicera
- Diervilla florida (Bunge) Sieb. & Zucc. - >>weigela Florida
- Diervilla lonicera - Bush Honeysuckle
- Diervilla lonicera P. Mill. - Northern Bush Honeysuckle
- Diervilla lonicera P. Mill. var. hypomalaca Fern. - >>diervilla Lonicera
- Diervilla sessilifolia Buckl. var. rivularis (Gattinger) Ahles - >>diervilla Rivularis
- Distegia involucrata (Banks ex Spreng.) Cockerell - >>lonicera Involucrata Var. Involucrata
- Kolkwitzia Graebn. - Kolkwitzia
- Leycesteria formosa - Himalayan Honeysuckle
- Leycesteria Wallich - Leycesteria
- Linnaea americana Forbes - >>linnaea Borealis Ssp. Americana
- Linnaea borealis - Twinflower
- Linnaea borealis L. - Twinflower
- Linnaea borealis L. ssp. longiflora (Torr.) Hultén - Longtube Twinflower
- Linnaea borealis L. var. americana (Forbes) Rehd. - >>linnaea Borealis Ssp. Americana
- Linnaea borealis L. var. longiflora Torr. - >>linnaea Borealis Ssp. Longiflora
- Linnaea L. - Twinflower
- Lonicera affinis
- Lonicera albiflora Torr. & Gray - Western White Honeysuckle
- Lonicera albiflora Torr. & Gray var. dumosa (Gray) Rehd. - >>lonicera Albiflora
- Lonicera angustifolia
- Lonicera arizonica Rehd. - Arizona Honeysuckle
- Lonicera bubalina L.f.
- Lonicera caerulea
- Lonicera caerulea L. - Sweetberry Honeysuckle
- Lonicera caerulea L. var. cauriana (Fern.) Boivin - Bluefly Honeysuckle
- Lonicera caerulea L. var. villosa (Michx.) Torr. & Gray - >>lonicera Villosa Var. Villosa
- Lonicera canadensis - Fly Honeysuckle
- Lonicera canadensis Bartr. ex Marsh. - American Fly Honeysuckle
- Lonicera caprifolium - Italian Honeysuckle
- Lonicera caprifolium L. - Italian Woodbine
- Lonicera cauriana Fern. - >>lonicera Caerulea Var. Cauriana
- Lonicera chrysantha
- Lonicera ciliosa - Orange Honeysuckle
- Lonicera conjugialis Kellogg - Purpleflower Honeysuckle
- Lonicera dioica L. - Limber Honeysuckle
- Lonicera dioica L. var. dasygyna (Rehd.) Gleason - >>lonicera Dioica
- Lonicera dioica L. var. glaucescens (Rydb.) Butters - >>lonicera Dioica
- Lonicera dioica L. var. orientalis Gleason - >>lonicera Dioica
- Lonicera dumosa Gray - >>lonicera Albiflora
- Lonicera etrusca Santi - Etruscan Honeysuckle
- Lonicera flava Sims - Yellow Honeysuckle
- Lonicera flava Sims var. flavescens Gleason - >>lonicera Flava
- Lonicera flavida Cockerell ex Rehd. - >>lonicera Flava
- Lonicera glaucescens (Rydb.) Rydb. - >>lonicera Dioica
- Lonicera glaucescens (Rydb.) Rydb. var. dasygyna Rehd. - >>lonicera Dioica
- Lonicera gracilipes
- Lonicera gracilipes glabra
- Lonicera henryi
- Lonicera hirsuta Eat. - Hairy Honeysuckle
- Lonicera hirsuta Eat. var. interior Gleason - >>lonicera Hirsuta
- Lonicera hirsuta Eat. var. schindleri Boivin - >>lonicera Hirsuta
- Lonicera hispidula (Lindl.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray - Pink Honeysuckle
- Lonicera hispidula (Lindl.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray var. hispidula - Pink Honeysuckle
- Lonicera hispidula (Lindl.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray var. vacillans (Benth.) Gray - Pink Honeysuckle
- Lonicera interrupta Benth. - Chaparral Honeysuckle
- Lonicera involucrata - Twinberry
- Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng. - Twinberry Honeysuckle
- Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng. var. flavescens (Dippel) Rehd. - >>lonicera Involucrata Var. Involucrata
- Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng. var. involucrata - Twinberry Honeysuckle
- Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng. var. ledebourii (Eschsch.) Zabel - Twinberry Honeysuckle
- Lonicera japonica - Japanese Honeysuckle
- Lonicera japonica Thunb. var. chinensis (P.W. Wats.) Baker - >>lonicera Japonica
- Lonicera japonica Thunb. var. japonica
- Lonicera johnstonii (Keck) McMinn - >>lonicera Subspicata Var. Johnstonii
- Lonicera korolkowii Stapf - Blueleaf Honeysuckle
- Lonicera ledebourii Eschsch. - >>lonicera Involucrata Var. Ledebourii
- Lonicera morrowii
- Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. - Swamp Fly Honeysuckle
- Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. var. altissima (Jennings) Rehd. - >>lonicera Oblongifolia
- Lonicera periclymenum - Honeysuckle
- Lonicera periclymenum L. - European Honeysuckle
- Lonicera pileata
- Lonicera prolifera (Kirchn.) Booth ex Rehd. - >>lonicera Reticulata
- Lonicera prolifera (Kirchn.) Booth ex Rehd. var. glabra Gleason - >>lonicera Reticulata
- Lonicera quinquelocularis
- Lonicera reticulata Raf. - Grape Honeysuckle
- Lonicera ruprechtiana Regel - Manchurian Honeysuckle
- Lonicera sempervirens - Trumpet Honeysuckle
- Lonicera sempervirens L. - Trumpet Honeysuckle
- Lonicera sempervirens L. var. minor Ait. - >>lonicera Sempervirens Var. Sempervirens
- Lonicera sempervirens L. var. sempervirens - Trumpet Honeysuckle
- Lonicera subspicata Hook. & Arn. - Southern Honeysuckle
- Lonicera subspicata Hook. & Arn. var. denudata Rehd. - Santa Barbara Honeysuckle
- Lonicera subspicata Hook. & Arn. var. johnstonii Keck - Johnston's Honeysuckle
- Lonicera subspicata Hook. & Arn. var. subspicata - Southern Honeysuckle
- Lonicera sullivantii Gray - >>lonicera Reticulata
- Lonicera utahensis - Utah Honeysuckle
- Lonicera utahensis S. Wats. - Utah Honeysuckle
- Lonicera venulosa
- Lonicera villosa
- Lonicera villosa (Michx.) J.A. Schultes - Mountain Fly Honeysuckle
- Lonicera villosa (Michx.) J.A. Schultes var. calvescens (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern. - Mountain Fly Honeysuckle
- Lonicera villosa (Michx.) J.A. Schultes var. fulleri Fern. - Fuller's Honeysuckle
- Lonicera villosa (Michx.) J.A. Schultes var. solonis (Eat.) Fern. - Mountain Fly Honeysuckle
- Lonicera villosa (Michx.) J.A. Schultes var. tonsa Fern. - Mountain Fly Honeysuckle
- Lonicera villosa (Michx.) J.A. Schultes var. villosa - Mountain Fly Honeysuckle
- Lonicera villosa solonis
- Lonicera ×bella Zabel - Bell's Honeysuckle
- Lonicera ×heckrottii Rehd.
- Lonicera ×minutiflora Zabel
- Lonicera ×muendeniensis Rehd. - >>lonicera Minutiflora
- Lonicera ×muscaviensis Rehd. - >>lonicera Ruprechtiana
- Lonicera ×notha Zabel
- Lonicera ×xylosteoides Tausch - Fly Honeysuckle
- Nintooa japonica (Thunb.) Sweet - >>lonicera Japonica
- Phenianthus sempervirens (L.) Raf. - >>lonicera Sempervirens Var. Sempervirens
- Sambucus adnata auct.
- Sambucus adnata DC. var. puberula Schwer.
- Sambucus africana Standl.
- Sambucus africana Standl.
- Sambucus australiasica - Yellow Elderberry
- Sambucus callicarpa - Red Coast Elder
- Sambucus callicarpa Greene - >>sambucus Racemosa Var. Racemosa
- Sambucus canadensis L. - >>sambucus Nigra Ssp. Canadensis
- Sambucus canadensis L. var. laciniata Gray - >>sambucus Nigra Ssp. Canadensis
- Sambucus canadensis L. var. submollis Rehd. - >>sambucus Nigra Ssp. Canadensis
- Sambucus cerulea Raf. - >>sambucus Nigra Ssp. Cerulea
- Sambucus cerulea Raf. var. mexicana (K. Presl ex DC.) L. Benson - >>sambucus Nigra Ssp. Canadensis
- Sambucus cerulea Raf. var. neomexicana (Woot.) Rehd. - >>sambucus Nigra Ssp. Cerulea
- Sambucus cerulea Raf. var. velutina (Dur. & Hilg.) Schwerin - >>sambucus Nigra Ssp. Cerulea
- Sambucus chinensis - Chinese Elder
- Sambucus ebulus - Dwarf Elder
- Sambucus ebulus L. - Dwarf Elderberry
- Sambucus ebulus L.
- Sambucus ebulus L. subsp. africana (Engl.) Bolli
- Sambucus ebulus L. var. africanus Engl.
- Sambucus gaudichaudiana - White Elderberry
- Sambucus glauca Nutt. - >>sambucus Nigra Ssp. Cerulea
- Sambucus javanica - Chinese Elder
- Sambucus laciniata P. Mill. ex A. Murr. - >>sambucus Nigra Ssp. Nigra
- Sambucus latipinna
- Sambucus melanocarpa Gray - >>sambucus Racemosa Var. Melanocarpa
- Sambucus mexicana - Mexican Elder
- Sambucus mexicana K. Presl ex DC. - >>sambucus Nigra Ssp. Canadensis
- Sambucus mexicana K. Presl ex DC. ssp. cerulea (Raf.) E. Murr. - >>sambucus Nigra Ssp. Cerulea
- Sambucus mexicana K. Presl ex DC. var. cerulea (Raf.) E. Murr. - >>sambucus Nigra Ssp. Cerulea
- Sambucus microbotrys - Red Elder
- Sambucus microbotrys Rydb. - >>sambucus Racemosa Var. Racemosa
- Sambucus neomexicana Woot. - >>sambucus Nigra Ssp. Cerulea
- Sambucus neomexicana Woot. var. vestita (Woot. & Standl.) Kearney & Peebles - >>sambucus Nigra Ssp. Cerulea
- Sambucus nigra - Elderberry
- Sambucus nigra L. - European Black Elderberry
- Sambucus nigra L. ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli - Common Elderberry
- Sambucus nigra L. ssp. nigra - European Black Elderberry
- Sambucus nigra L. var. laciniata L. - >>sambucus Nigra Ssp. Nigra
- Sambucus orbiculata Greene - >>sambucus Nigra Ssp. Canadensis
- Sambucus pubens - American Red Elder
- Sambucus pubens Michx. - >>sambucus Racemosa Var. Racemosa
- Sambucus pubens Michx. var. arborescens Torr. & Gray - >>sambucus Racemosa Var. Racemosa
- Sambucus racemosa - Red Elder
- Sambucus racemosa kamtschatica - Red Elder
- Sambucus racemosa L. - Red Elderberry
- Sambucus racemosa L. ssp. pubens (Michx.) House - >>sambucus Racemosa Var. Racemosa
- Sambucus racemosa L. var. arborescens (Torr. & Gray) Gray - >>sambucus Racemosa Var. Racemosa
- Sambucus racemosa L. var. leucocarpa (Torr. & Gray) Cronq. - >>sambucus Racemosa Var. Racemosa
- Sambucus racemosa L. var. melanocarpa (Gray) McMinn - Black Elderberry
- Sambucus racemosa L. var. microbotrys (Rydb.) Kearney & Peebles - >>sambucus Racemosa Var. Racemosa
- Sambucus racemosa L. var. pubens (Michx.) Koehne - >>sambucus Racemosa Var. Racemosa
- Sambucus sieboldiana
- Sambucus simpsonii Rehd. ex Sarg. - >>sambucus Nigra Ssp. Canadensis
- Sambucus velutina Dur. & Hilg. - >>sambucus Nigra Ssp. Cerulea
- Sambucus wightiana - Elder
- Sambucus williamsii
- Symphoricarpos acutus (Gray) Dieck - Sharpleaf Snowberry
- Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake - Common Snowberry
- Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake ssp. laevigatus (Fern.) Hultén - >>symphoricarpos Albus Var. Laevigatus
- Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake var. albus - Common Snowberry
- Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake var. laevigatus (Fern.) Blake - Common Snowberry
- Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake var. mollis (Nutt.) Keck - >>symphoricarpos Mollis
- Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake var. pauciflorus (W.J. Robins. ex Gray) Blake - >>symphoricarpos Albus Var. Albus
- Symphoricarpos albus laevigatus - Snowberry
- Symphoricarpos guadalupensis Correll - Mckittrick's Snowberry
- Symphoricarpos hesperius G.N. Jones - Trailing Snowberry
- Symphoricarpos longiflorus Gray - Desert Snowberry
- Symphoricarpos microphyllus Kunth - Pink Snowberry
- Symphoricarpos mollis Nutt. - Creeping Snowberry
- Symphoricarpos mollis Nutt. ssp. hesperius (G.N. Jones) Abrams ex Ferris - >>symphoricarpos Hesperius
- Symphoricarpos mollis Nutt. var. acutus Gray - >>symphoricarpos Acutus
- Symphoricarpos mollis Nutt. var. hesperius (G.N. Jones) Cronq. - >>symphoricarpos Hesperius
- Symphoricarpos occidentalis - Wolfberry
- Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. - Western Snowberry
- Symphoricarpos orbiculatus - Coralberry
- Symphoricarpos oreophilus Gray - Mountain Snowberry
- Symphoricarpos oreophilus Gray var. oreophilus - Mountain Snowberry
- Symphoricarpos oreophilus Gray var. parishii (Rydb.) Cronq. - >>symphoricarpos Rotundifolius Var. Parishii
- Symphoricarpos oreophilus Gray var. utahensis (Rydb.) A. Nels. - Utah Snowberry
- Symphoricarpos palmeri G.N. Jones - Palmer's Snowberry
- Symphoricarpos parishii Rydb. - >>symphoricarpos Rotundifolius Var. Parishii
- Symphoricarpos pauciflorus W.J. Robins. ex Gray - >>symphoricarpos Albus Var. Albus
- Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. - >>symphoricarpos Albus Var. Albus
- Symphoricarpos rivularis Suksdorf - >>symphoricarpos Albus Var. Laevigatus
- Symphoricarpos rotundifolius Gray - Roundleaf Snowberry
- Symphoricarpos rotundifolius Gray var. oreophilus (Gray) M.E. Jones - >>symphoricarpos Oreophilus Var. Oreophilus
- Symphoricarpos rotundifolius Gray var. parishii (Rydb.) Dempster - Parish's Snowberry
- Symphoricarpos rotundifolius Gray var. rotundifolius - Roundleaf Snowberry
- Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos (L.) MacM. - >>symphoricarpos Orbiculatus
- Symphoricarpos tetonensis A. Nels. - >>symphoricarpos Oreophilus Var. Utahensis
- Symphoricarpos utahensis Rydb. - >>symphoricarpos Oreophilus Var. Utahensis
- Symphoricarpos vaccinioides Rydb. - >>symphoricarpos Oreophilus Var. Utahensis
- Triosteum angustifolium L. - Yellowfruit Horse-gentian
- Triosteum angustifolium L. var. eamesii Wieg. - >>triosteum Angustifolium
- Triosteum aurantiacum Bickn. - Orangefruit Horse-gentian
- Triosteum aurantiacum Bickn. var. aurantiacum - Orangefruit Horse-gentian
- Triosteum aurantiacum Bickn. var. glaucescens Wieg. - Orangefruit Horse-gentian
- Triosteum aurantiacum Bickn. var. illinoense (Wieg.) Palmer & Steyermark - Illinois Horse-gentian
- Triosteum illinoense (Wieg.) Rydb. - >>triosteum Aurantiacum Var. Illinoense
- Triosteum L. - Horse-gentian
- Triosteum perfoliatum - Wild Coffee
- Triosteum perfoliatum L. - Feverwort
- Triosteum perfoliatum L. var. aurantiacum (Bickn.) Wieg. - >>triosteum Aurantiacum Var. Aurantiacum
- Triosteum perfoliatum L. var. glaucescens (Wieg.) Wieg. - >>triosteum Aurantiacum Var. Glaucescens
- Triosteum perfoliatum L. var. illinoense Wieg. - >>triosteum Aurantiacum Var. Illinoense
- Viburnum acerifolium L. - Mapleleaf Viburnum
- Viburnum acerifolium L. var. densiflorum (Chapman) McAtee - Mapleleaf Viburnum
- Viburnum acerifolium L. var. glabrescens Rehd. - Mapleleaf Viburnum
- Viburnum acerifolium L. var. ovatum (Rehd.) McAtee - Mapleleaf Viburnum
- Viburnum affine Bush ex Schneid. - >>viburnum Rafinesquianum Var. Affine
- Viburnum affine Bush ex Schneid. var. australe (Morton) McAtee - >>viburnum Rafinesquianum Var. Affine
- Viburnum affine Bush ex Schneid. var. hypomalacum Blake - >>viburnum Rafinesquianum Var. Rafinesquianum
- Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. - >>viburnum Lantanoides
- Viburnum ashii Bush - >>viburnum Dentatum Var. Scabrellum
- Viburnum australe Morton - >>viburnum Rafinesquianum Var. Affine
- Viburnum bracteatum Rehd. - Bracted Arrowwood
- Viburnum buddleifolium C. Wright - Buddlejaleaf Viburnum
- Viburnum bushii Ashe - >>viburnum Prunifolium
- Viburnum carolinianum Ashe - >>viburnum Dentatum Var. Deamii
- Viburnum carolinianum Ashe var. cismontanum McAtee - >>viburnum Dentatum Var. Deamii
- Viburnum carolinianum Ashe var. deamii (Rehd.) McAtee - >>viburnum Dentatum Var. Deamii
- Viburnum cassinoides - Withe Rod
- Viburnum cassinoides L. - >>viburnum Nudum Var. Cassinoides
- Viburnum cassinoides L. var. angustifolium (Torr. & Gray) Shinners - >>viburnum Nudum Var. Nudum
- Viburnum cassinoides L. var. harbisonii McAtee - >>viburnum Nudum Var. Cassinoides
- Viburnum cassinoides L. var. nitidum (Ait.) McAtee - >>viburnum Nudum Var. Cassinoides
- Viburnum cotinifolium
- Viburnum crenatum McAtee - >>viburnum Dentatum Var. Deamii
- Viburnum cylindricum
- Viburnum densiflorum Chapman - >>viburnum Acerifolium Var. Densiflorum
- Viburnum dentatum - Arrow Wood
- Viburnum dentatum L. - Southern Arrowwood
- Viburnum dentatum L. var. ashei (Bush) McAtee - >>viburnum Dentatum Var. Scabrellum
- Viburnum dentatum L. var. deamii (Rehd.) Fern. - Deam's Arrowwood
- Viburnum dentatum L. var. dentatum - Southern Arrowwood
- Viburnum dentatum L. var. indianense (Rehd.) Gleason - >>viburnum Dentatum Var. Deamii
- Viburnum dentatum L. var. lucidum Ait. - Southern Arrowwood
- Viburnum dentatum L. var. scabrellum Torr. & Gray - Southern Arrowwood
- Viburnum dentatum L. var. semitomentosum Michx. - >>viburnum Dentatum Var. Dentatum
- Viburnum dentatum L. var. venosum (Britt.) Gleason - Southern Arrowwood
- Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. - Linden Arrowwood
- Viburnum edule - Mooseberry
- Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf. - Squashberry
- Viburnum ellipticum Hook. - Common Viburnum
- Viburnum ellipticum Hook. var. macrocarpum Suksdorf - >>viburnum Ellipticum
- Viburnum erubescens gracilipes
- Viburnum farreri
- Viburnum farreri Stearn - Culver's Root
- Viburnum fordiae
- Viburnum fragrans Bunge - >>viburnum Farreri
- Viburnum furcatum
- Viburnum grandiflorum
- Viburnum grandifolium Ait. - >>viburnum Lantanoides
- Viburnum indianense (Rehd.) Rehd. ex McAtee - >>viburnum Dentatum Var. Deamii
- Viburnum japonicum
- Viburnum L. - Viburnum
- Viburnum lantana L. - Wayfaringtree
- Viburnum lantana L. var. sphaerocarpum Gray ex Fern. - >>viburnum Lantana
- Viburnum lantanoides - Hobbleberry
- Viburnum lantanoides Michx. - Hobblebush
- Viburnum lentago - Sheepberry
- Viburnum lentago L. - Nannyberry
- Viburnum molle Michx. - Softleaf Arrowwood
- Viburnum mongolicum
- Viburnum mullaha
- Viburnum nashii Small - >>viburnum Obovatum
- Viburnum nitidum Ait. - >>viburnum Nudum Var. Cassinoides
- Viburnum nudum L. - Possumhaw
- Viburnum nudum L. var. angustifolium Torr. & Gray - >>viburnum Nudum Var. Nudum
- Viburnum nudum L. var. cassinoides (L.) Torr. & Gray - Withe-rod
- Viburnum nudum L. var. grandifolium Gray - >>viburnum Nudum Var. Nudum
- Viburnum nudum L. var. ovale Wood - >>viburnum Nudum Var. Nudum
- Viburnum nudum L. var. serotinum Ravenal ex Chapman - >>viburnum Nudum Var. Nudum
- Viburnum obovatum Walt. - Small-leaf Arrowwood
- Viburnum odoratissimum
- Viburnum opulus L. - European Cranberrybush
- Viburnum opulus L. ssp. trilobum (Marsh.) Clausen - >>viburnum Opulus Var. Americanum
- Viburnum opulus L. var. roseum L. - >>viburnum Opulus Var. Opulus
- Viburnum ozarkense Ashe - >>viburnum Molle
- Viburnum pauciflorum La Pylaie ex Torr. & Gray - >>viburnum Edule
- Viburnum plicatum - Japanese Snowball
- Viburnum plicatum Thunb. var. tomentosum (Thunb.) Miq. - >>viburnum Plicatum
- Viburnum prunifolium - Stagberry
- Viburnum prunifolium L. - Blackhaw
- Viburnum prunifolium L. var. bushii (Ashe) Palmer & Steyermark - >>viburnum Prunifolium
- Viburnum prunifolium L. var. ferrugineum Torr. & Gray - >>viburnum Rufidulum
- Viburnum prunifolium L. var. globosum Nash ex Schneid. - >>viburnum Prunifolium
- Viburnum pubescens (Ait.) Pursh - >>viburnum Dentatum Var. Dentatum
- Viburnum pubescens (Ait.) Pursh var. deamii Rehd. - >>viburnum Dentatum Var. Deamii
- Viburnum pubescens (Ait.) Pursh var. indianense Rehd. - >>viburnum Dentatum Var. Deamii
- Viburnum rafinesquianum J.A. Schultes - Downy Arrowwood
- Viburnum rafinesquianum J.A. Schultes var. affine (Bush ex Schneid.) House - Downy Arrowwood
- Viburnum rafinesquianum J.A. Schultes var. rafinesquianum - Downy Arrowwood
- Viburnum recognitum Fern. - >>viburnum Dentatum Var. Lucidum
- Viburnum recognitum Fern. var. alabamense McAtee - >>viburnum Dentatum Var. Lucidum
- Viburnum rhytidophyllum Hemsl. - Leatherleaf Arrowwood
- Viburnum roseum (L.) Steud. - >>viburnum Opulus Var. Opulus
- Viburnum rufidulum - Southern Black Haw
- Viburnum rufidulum Raf. - Rusty Blackhaw
- Viburnum rufidulum Raf. var. margarettiae Ashe - >>viburnum Rufidulum
- Viburnum rufotomentosum Small - >>viburnum Rufidulum
- Viburnum scabrellum Torr. & Gray ex Chapman - >>viburnum Dentatum Var. Scabrellum
- Viburnum scabrellum Torr. & Gray ex Chapman var. dilutum McAtee - >>viburnum Dentatum Var. Scabrellum
- Viburnum scabrellum Torr. & Gray ex Chapman var. venosum (Britt.) McAtee - >>viburnum Dentatum Var. Venosum
- Viburnum semitomentosum (Michx.) Rehd. - >>viburnum Dentatum Var. Dentatum
- Viburnum sieboldii Miq. - Siebold's Arrowwood
- Viburnum suspensum
- Viburnum tomentosum Thunb. - >>viburnum Plicatum
- Viburnum trilobum Marsh. - >>viburnum Opulus Var. Americanum
- Viburnum venosum Britt. - >>viburnum Dentatum Var. Venosum
- Viburnum wrightii
- Viburnum wrightii hessei
- Viburnum x bodnantense
- Viburnum ×rhytidophylloides Sur.
- Viburnum ×vetteri Zabel - >>viburnum Lentago
- Weigela coraeensis
- Weigela decora
- Weigela floribunda
- Weigela floribunda (Sieb. & Zucc.) K. Koch - Crimson Weigela
- Weigela florida
- Weigela florida (Bunge) A. DC. - Oldfashioned Weigela
- Weigela hortensis
- Weigela japonica
- Weigelia Schreb. - Weigelia
- Xylosteon ciliatum Pursh - >>lonicera Canadensis
- Xylosteon fragrantissimum (Lindl. & Paxton) Small - >>lonicera Fragrantissima
- Xylosteum involucratum (Banks ex Spreng.) Richards. - >>lonicera Involucrata Var. Involucrata